Extraction of Blue Ice Area in Antarctica

Extraction of Blue Ice Area in Antarctica Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY High resolution satellite data has made it possible to obtain optimistic results in feature extraction processes. High resolution World-View-2 data is used for mapping blue ice areas (BIAs) in Antarctic regions. World-View-2 provides extensively high accuracy, agility, capacity and spectral diversity. First high-resolution 8-band multispectral commercial/business satellite is World-View-2 launched October 2009. Working at an elevation of 770 kilometres, World-View-2 gives 46cm panchromatic resolution and 1.85m multispectral resolution. World-View-2 has a normal revisit time of 1.1 days and it is able of catching up to 1 million square kilometres of 8-band imagery per day. Satellite pictures generally track seasonal annual variations in BIAs coverage over the past 30 year on the East Antarctic plateau region. In late studies, the distribution of BIAs can likewise mulled over from the SAR (synthetic aperture radar) images. In SAR satellite image, blue ice can likewise be outwardly perc eived. The amplitude of blue ice is less than that of snow (white), because the ice surface is smoother than the latter. Yet, distinction is not at all that conspicuous when applying Semi-automatic extraction approach. Blue ice can be distinguished effortlessly in the coherence map got from two SAR pictures in a view of higher coherence of blue ice. It is additionally found that the picture texture data is useful for distinguishing various types of blue ice like rough, smooth and level blue ice. In this study, Atmospheric corrected (QUAC) sharpen calibrated image (World-View-2 data) is used for extracting blue ice areas in Schirmacher Oasis in Antarctic region. Extraction of blue ice area in Antarctica deal with the total area of blue ice areas excluding the other feature (non-target) appearing on or near it. Blue ice areas have some specific qualities that make them of special interest for extraction as they are just 1% of Antarctic region. Many remote sensing approaches have been implemented to monitor and map Antarctic BIAs. 3.1 Methodology Protocol The extraction of blue ice areas is simplified by the Methodology protocol. As the whole image takes time for processing, as Schirmacher Oasis is with an area of 34km ², ranks among the smallestAntarctic oasis and is a typicalpolar desert, so the image is divided in 12 test tiles of different parts of entire World-View-2 image to achieve prior results. Atmospheric correction is done with QUAC (quick atmospheric correction) method to obtain better results. Atmospheric correction to each tile added suitable outputs results to workflow. Calibrated data is also used without applying atmospheric correction to it. Multiband image combination was made from atmospheric corrected data and calibrated data of the study area. Alternating snow and blue ice bands surface patterns are generally found in East Antarctica due to which it is hard task to clearly extract BIAs. For feature extraction processes region of interest (ROI) is considered in which blue ice is target and white ice appearing on or near the blue ice is considered as non-target. Methodology workflow is prepared in order to achieve good and prior results comparing with the previous studies. Extraction of blue ice is not that easy task as dust and white snow appears on it as non-target. Various Semi-automatic extraction methods like TERCAT, Target Detection Wizard, Mapping Methods, Spectral Matching and Object Base Image Analysis (OBIA) are used for extracting blue ice areas in Antarctica. The initial results obtained were good but not better enough to keep them prior. Many trials were carried out for extracting blue ice in Antarctica. Prior results were kept in workflow of methodology to compare them with every trial results. Object based and Pixel based both the classification are used in workflow to get good results. From the High resolution World-View-2 data reference data (digitized data) was prepared for blue ice area and extracted blue ice area was obtained from Semi-automatic extraction methods and OBIA. From the extracted blue ice, blue ice is considered as target and white snow appearing on it as non-target. Comparing reference data and extracted data Bias, % Bias and RMSE values were calculated. After that Average for Bias, % Bias and RMSE values is estimated. BIAS= % BIAS= RMSE= Where, Ref A is Reference area and Ext A is Extracted area n= no. of tiles processed. 3.2 Semi-automatic extraction methods The semi-automatic feature extraction approach intuitively makes endeavours to commonly empowering the insight or data of human perception framework to robustly detect the targeted feature and the computer-aided system to bring fast extraction of targeted feature and exact shape representation. In semiautomatic feature extraction strategy, first target feature is detected by human vision and a couple of estimates in terms of seed points or coaching samples concerning the targeted feature on highlight are typically given. The targeted feature is then portrayed automatically by the PC helped calculations. 3.2.1 TERCAT approach (ENVI 5.1 Exellis Help) [33] The Terrain Categorization (TERCAT) tool creates an output product in which pixels with similar spectral properties are clumped into categories. These categories may be either user-defined, or automatically generated by the classification algorithm. The TERCAT tool provides all of the standard ENVI classification algorithms, plus an additional algorithm called Winner Takes All. This is a voting method that classifies pixels based on the majority compiled from all of the other classification methods that were conducted. In this research, the sub approaches for TERCAT are Maximum Likelihood, Spectral Angle Mapper, Parallelepiped and Winner Takes All. 3.2.2 Target Detection approach (ENVI 5.1 Exellis Help) [33] Target detection algorithms work on the principle of extracting target features based on spectral characteristic of initial coaching spectral signatures of target features, and performing end to the background noise using spectral signatures of non-target features. If the users knows that the image contains at least one target of interest, the wizard can be used to find other targets like it in the same image. The workflow can also be accessed programmatically, so the user can customize options if needed. Target detection tools (ENVI 5.1) were executed to perform supervised image processing tasks into workflows (CEM, ACE, OSP, TCIMF, and MT-TCIMF) to extract blue ice areas (BIAs) as target and white ice as non-target. 3.2.3 Spectral Matching approach (ENVI 5.1 Exellis Help) [33] Spectral matching approaches extract the target features that are described in multispectral imagery based on the target feature’s spectral characteristics. Spectral matching algorithms confirm the spectral similarity or matching between input satellite imagery and reference key points to form an output product within which pixels with similar spectral properties are clumped into target and non-target categories. Spectral Matching (ENVI 5.1) were executed to perform supervised image processing tasks into workflows (MF, SAM, MTMF and SAMBM) to extract blue ice areas (BIAs) as target and white ice as non-target. 3.2.4 Mapping Methods approach (ENVI 5.1 Exellis Help) [33] Selected hyperspectral Mapping Methods describes advanced concepts and procedures for analyzing imaging spectrometer data or hyperspectral images. Spectral Information Divergence (SID) is a spectral classification method that uses a divergence measure to match pixels to reference spectra. The smaller the divergence, the more likely the pixels are similar. Pixels with a measurement greater than the specified maximum divergence threshold are not classified. End member spectra used by SID can come from ASCII files or spectral libraries, or you can extract them directly from an image (as ROI average spectra). Mapping Methods (ENVI 5.1) were executed to perform supervised image processing tasks into workflows [SID SV (0.05), SID SV (0.07), SID SV (0.1), SID MV (0.05) and SID MV (0.09)] to extract blue ice areas (BIAs) as target and white ice as non-target. 3.2.5 Object Based Image Analysis (OBIA) approach (Ecognition Developer Help) [34] Object Based Image Analysis (OBIA), is an advanced method used to segment a pixel based image into map objects that can then be classified as a whole. This kind of analysis is ideal for mapping with high-resolution imagery, where a single feature (such as a tree) might have several different shades of pixels. The example of rule-set for Trial 1, 2, 3 and 4 for extracting blue ice areas in this research is stated below; For Trial 1: 02.063 50 [shape.: 0.8 compact.:0.6] Creating ‘level 1’ Export view to segmentation (no geo) Unclassified with mean nir-1>=50 and mean nir-1 Export view to assign class (no geo) Blue ice with mean nir-1>=50 and mean nir-1 Export view to merging (non geo) For Trial 2: 02.063 60 [shape.: 0.8 compact.:0.6] Creating ‘level 1’ Export view to segmentation (no geo) Unclassified with mean nir-1>=100 and mean nir-1 Export view to assign class (no geo) Blue ice with mean nir-1>=100 and mean nir-1 Export view to merging (non geo) For Trial 3: 02.063 70 [shape.: 0.8 compact.:0.6] Creating ‘level 1’ Export view to segmentation (no geo) Unclassified with mean nir-1>=150 and mean nir-1 Export view to assign class (no geo) Blue ice with mean nir-1>=150 and mean nir-1 Export view to merging (non geo) For Trial 4: 02.063 80 [shape.: 0.8 compact.:0.6] Creating ‘level 1’ Export view to segmentation (no geo) Unclassified with mean nir-1>=200 and mean nir-1 Export view to assign class (no geo) Blue ice with mean nir-1>=200 and mean nir-1 Export view to merging (non geo) The on-top rule-set is employed to extract blue ice areas as well as non-target depending on their mean band values. OBIA is making considerable progress towards spatially explicit information extraction advancement, such as is required for spatial planning as well as for many monitoring programmes. The Semi-automatic extraction strategies and OBIA utilized in this study to extract blue ice areas (BIAs) are supported differently on different underlying principles. To compare these strategies objectively, we kept the input ROIs (regions of interest or coaching samples) constant for all methods for each tile. ROIs are different for different tiles as the area differs. After classifying the image into target spectra, i.e., blue ice areas, using the Semi-automatic extraction methods and OBIA approaches, the 12 semi-automatically extracted tiles (for BIAs) were vectorized to calculate the area of individual tile.

Monogamy

In this society, it is usually assumed that one is either single or in some form of monogamous relationship. At best, it is sometimes considered acceptable to play the field if one is not in a committed relationship. If one is in a committed relationship, it is with one person only, and any sexual and/or romantic involvement outside the relationship is cheating. Both of these situations, playing the field and cheating are still often subject to the classic double standard of being more acceptable for men and women. Long before written history, primitive clans and tribes were living within small, highly inter-dependent social structures. Many of these groups had some type of ceremony marking the forming of a union or marriage between two opposite sex partners. It appears that since we began living in structured social groups, humans have adhered to the belief that formal unions of two people work best for maintaining a healthy, functioning society. Within different societies, independent unions of two people were considered the best way to secure food and shelter, defend against outside aggressors, and raise offspring. As societies evolved, the marriage bond took on increased significance within each culture. One of the most universal aspects of the marriage union to be perpetuated cross-culturally was monogamy. Yet despite this proclivity towards marriage, and insistence that the marriage partners remain monogamous, human beings have been engaging in non-monogamous activities throughout history. We know that â€Å"extramarital affairs† have been going on since the advent of the socially sanctioned union. Our historical concern about affairs is evident in the inclusion of extramarital affairs as one of the sins mentioned in the Ten Commandants. The fact that affairs are wrong, even considered to be a sin has been ingrained into us through our social, cultural and religious upbringing. Yet despite the social and religious disapproval of them, they have been an ever present phenomenon for us to deal with. So why are so many people having affairs despite such powerful social and religious doctrines against them The fact is that there have been as many reasons given for affairs as there are people engaging in them. Some of these include dissatisfaction with the marital relationship, emotional emptiness, need for sexual variety, inability to resist new sexual opportunity, anger at a partner, no longer being â€Å"in love†, alcohol or drug addiction, growing apart, desire to get a partner jealous. Some people have even said that human beings simply can’t maintain monogamous sexual relationships over long periods of time because it â€Å"isn’t natural†. If this is true, if there is a biological reason preventing us from accomplishing our goal of remaining in a monogamous relationship, than we are condemning ourselves to continued personal and social failure by continuing to pursue these types of relationships. On the other hand, despite the fact that affairs have been a problem for married couples throughout history, and that there appears to be an increasing number of affairs at this time, we probably know that human nature is not to blame. At least not in the traditional sense. Maybe our liking towards affairs is more a symptom of our inability to find satisfaction in our long-term relationships because of the expectations we place on them in the first place, then any biological drive towards multiple sexual partners. Possibly our inability to remain â€Å"in love† with our partners as we grow and mature and our life circumstances change is what drives us to look for another intimate relationship. The loss of that high level of passion and desire that existed in the beginning of the relationship may result in boredom or develop into a feeling of apathy towards the partner. Combined with all of the other stresses and complexities of long term relationships, such as financial problems, raising children, job changes, death of family members, change in status, etc. , the loss of passion may lead to a desire to rediscover it in a new relationship. So it may not be the desire to experience the new or forbidden sexual relationship, but rather the need to re-experience the intense level of passion and the feeling of being in love which leads to affairs. Therefore, extramarital affairs may be the result of an inability to maintain a satisfying emotional relationship with a partner over a long period of time, and not due to a need for sexual variety. Possibly our need for intense emotional experiences leads to a desire to rediscover the feelings that come at the start of a new love relationship. Whether it is our expectation that passion remain or our inability to maintain passion easily in long term relationships, the loss of it appears to be a major factor in the initiation of affairs. Once initiated, the high level of passion experienced in affairs appears to be a powerful component in the maintaining them. If the interpersonal relationship was satisfying for both partners, and passion was still an integral part of the relationship, the need to experience diversified or new sexual partners may not exist. Some people feel that their diminished â€Å"feelings† for their partner led them to become involved in the extramarital relationship. Specifically, many people in marriages unappreciated ignored, sexually frustrated and no longer desirable to their partners. They almost invariably say that they are no longer â€Å"in love† with their partners and lack the level of intimacy that they once had. In almost all marriages the member of an affair says that they feel â€Å"more alive†, â€Å"more sexually appealing† and â€Å"more appreciated† by their lovers than by their spouses. Extramarital affairs based solely on desire for a new sexual partner is a very small percentage of the total number of affairs. ( ) Majority of extramarital affairs are based emotional needs not being met within the marital relationship, and not sexually motivated reasons. Therefore, it appears that the allure of extramarital affairs is not new sexual experiences, nor are they due to any biological inability to remain monogamous, but rather what drives many individuals is a lack of emotional fulfillment within the existing relationship. The indication is that the desire for a new sexual experience is not the initial motive for looking outside the marriage, but rather comes after the breakdown of the emotional relationship. Only then, after there has been an eroding of the interpersonal relationship, including a loss of passion, lack of intimacy, and loss of emotional and sexual satisfaction, the dissatisfied partner looks for a new lover to fulfill their needs. This does not mean that the sexual passion experienced within an affair is not part of the driving force that maintains affairs. It is possible that the patterns of behavior that lead to affairs may be very different than the patterns that maintain them. There are several factors that may be responsible for the maintenance of extramarital affairs that were never considered before. These factors may be responsible for the high level of arousal experienced by people involved in affairs, the obsessive pre-occupation that many individuals in affairs report experiencing, and the inability to end an affair even when confronted with negative or devastating personal and social consequences. The extramarital affair is a far more complex relationship than the media often portrays it. Unlike Hollywood’s portrayal of affairs, real â€Å"triangles† involve a great deal of guilt, confusion, anxiety, and pain. In the end all members of the triangle are affected, for better or worse. Whether the marriage survives or the lovers form a new couple, everyone involved in the â€Å"triangle† will have been dramatically and permanently affected by the extramarital experience. Monogamy has become such a popular topic in society today. There are so many books that are being published about monogamy so married couples can somehow deal with it. â€Å"The Monogamy Myth†, which was published as a handbook for recovering from affairs, provides a step-by-step process for dealing with suspicion and confrontation. This book also mentions the pain of knowing, rebuilding self-esteem, rebuilding trust based on honesty, getting help, facing marriage/divorce dilemma, and living with the decision. The Monogamy Myth is the belief that monogamy is the norm in our society and that it is supported by society as a whole. The reality is that monogamy is not the norm, not by todays standards, anyway. Most of us expect monogamy to be a normal part of marriage (or any committed relationship). This was certainly my assumption through my childhood. I grew up with no first-hand knowledge of affairs and no idea that it would be a subject of my concern. Monogamy is still something most people say they believe in and want for themselves. I still believe in monogamy and think its attainable. But achieving it calls for making some drastic changes in everyones thinking.

Health and Social Class Essay - 2278 Words

The aim of this essay is to examine the influence that socio-economic status has on an individual’s health. â€Å"Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity† (WHO, 1948.) Social Stratification is a term used by sociologists to describe inequalities that exist between society and us as individuals and can also be described as a hierarchy with the less privileged people at the bottom and the more favoured people at the top. (Giddens, 2006) Anthony Giddens (2006) defines class as â€Å"a large-scale group of people who share common economic resources, which strongly influence the type of lifestyle they are able to lead.† (pg 300). Karl Marx, a sociologist in the 19th†¦show more content†¦The report gives a clear analysis of how inequality runs from the richest to the poorest. Using the RGSC’s scales one of the reports most famous findings was that a child of an unskilled manual worker would die 7 years earlier than a child born to professional parents. (Macionis amp; Plummer, 2005). Other findings were that people in class V were more likely to die of conditions like heart disease, cancer or stroke than those in class IV. It was evident that people in class I had a longer life expectancy, better health with lower death rates. (O’Donnell, 2005). The Black Report look at four main reasons which may explain the inequalities in health:- The Artefact Explanation Artefact being something made by people so there may have been some flaws in the findings. The official mortality and morbidity statistics could have been invalid or unreliable and it’s argued that observed social gradients in health maybe the product of poor quality data. Although this work confirmed that there were health inequalities it was suggested that it was underestimated by conventional analysis. (Asthana amp; Halliday, 2006). A study showed The authors of the black report didn’t find this explanation very convincing based on the fact that working class groups have not contracted as much as is often supposed, while poor health affects all manual workers, not just those classified as unskilled. (Kirby et al, 2000) The Health/Social Explanation The social selection is based on aShow MoreRelatedSocioeconomic And Social Class And Health1489 Words   |  6 Pagessocioeconomic class and his/her social situation can have an impact on his/her health, using examples. We believe that there is a direct link between socioeconomic/social class and health (Adler et al. 1994). I will be defining the key terms: socioeconomic and health, social class then proceed to discuss about how poverty, income, employability, environment and housing can impact on a person’s social situation and their health. Socioeconomic status is a term used to weigh up a person’s/family social and economicRead MoreSocial Class And Its Effects On Health1336 Words   |  6 PagesAll over the world status hierarchy and social class are a common concept of how well we live our lives, however they affect our lives more than we think. Social class can affect many things such as education, opportunities presented to us, economic factors, and even our health. Recently socioeconomic status effects on health has become a more popular topic of discussion but is nothing new to researchers. â€Å"Research on socioeconomic inequalities in health in the UK has a long history. In the earlyRead MoreEssay On Social Class And Health1489 Words   |  6 Pagesexplain how a person’s situation can impact their health. I will provide a better understanding of how a person’s social situation and economic class can have a problem with their social inequalities in healthcare. I will discuss the relations hip between class and health with examples from different counties and compare the aspects that determine social class. According to Oxford Dictionary social class is defined as â€Å"a division of a society based on social and economic status† (Oxford University PressRead MoreDifference Between Health And Social Class1333 Words   |  6 PagesVariations in health and inequality have always been the subject of debates and studies throughout the last century; explanations varied from: our lifestyles, our ethnicity, and even our gender. So why after 100 years of studying this worldwide phenomenon, and producing detailed statistical evidence, with well-informed debates are we still living in a society where inequality in health still exists? One would expect with so much progress in medicine, vast improvements in our living/housing standards;Read MoreRace, Class, and the Social Determinants of Health629 Words   |  3 Pagesreasons, it is easier for the monied classes to access quality health care when needed and, in general, lead healthier lifestyles. People of higher socioeconomic groups have been shown to live longer (Scrambler, 2012). Beginning with higher infant mortality rates, lower socioeconomic groups often face a lifetime of challenges to good health and longevity. David and Messer (2011) reported on a study by the National Institutes of Health that revealed the rate of infant mortality among African AmericanRead MoreHow Social Class Affects The Mental Health Of The Upper Class Essay1102 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Mental health issues can affect anyone at any point in their life, but does your social class have anything to do with the type of mental health issue you have? There have been studies that focus on poverty and how that affects the mental health of the lower class, but how does social status affect the mental health of the upper class? There is a need to see how social status affects the mental health of the upper class, so we can compare it to that of the middle and lower classes.Read MoreSocial Variables Of Race, Gender, Class And Health914 Words   |  4 Pagesincorporated more areas of social life using specialized fields of inquiry (Giddens Sutton, 2010). Browne (2005) argues that sociology in simpler terms is planned and organized study of human groups and social life in modern societies, more so concerned with social institution. Contribution of sociologist in understanding human behavior is remarkable. The aim of this paper is to explain how sociologist views the relations hip between the key social variables of race, gender, class and health. The relationshipRead MoreA Good Standard Of Health, Welfare, And Social Class1984 Words   |  8 PagesEmployment/Unemployment 9 â€Æ' 1 Summary 2 Introduction Within the Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO) it declares that â€Å"The highest standards of health should be within reach for all, without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic or social condition† (WHO1946p2). Even as far back as 1946 it was clear that a good standard of health, welfare and social-class should be easily obtainable for all individuals without any discriminatory measures. 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To what extent are people responsible for their own personal conduct and poor health decisions that result in serious, yet avoidable illnesses and disabilities? Will charging people higher health insurance premiums help curb poor health habits? In Health Disparities in the United States: Social Class, Race, Ethnicity

Military Persuasive Speech Essay - 1183 Words

An Example of a 7-8 Minute Speech to Convince A minimum of five references and a visual aid required By Public Speaking Student Military Recruitment in Schools Topic Development Segment: Topic Statement: Military recruiters being allowed to approach students on school property is wrong and unjust. Specific Purpose Statement: I want to convince my audience that military recruitment on school grounds is done in an unfair way. Thesis Statement: Military recruiters are vicious and go into places where young adults are easy targets and take advantage of them. Introduction: I. Attention-getter: â€Å"School ownership is our goal.† Who on earth would want to have full control over a school and its students? The military would†¦show more content†¦IV. Theoretical Demonstration: Knowledge is the only tool that will help this problem A. Main Point: As people, we need to demand the truth. 1. Support: There are documentaries and interviews that are revealing the truth. 2. Support: Eyewitness News conducted an undercover report and found that Colonel Manning, who is in charge of recruiting for the Northeast, commented on his recruiters saying â€Å"It’s hard to believe some of the things they are telling perspective applicants†. V. Meeting Objections: There are some people who see these issues with recruiters as being harmless-they believe that it is an option being offered and students can simply say â€Å"no† or just ignore the recruiters. A. Main Point: The problem is that these students that are being targeted usually do not have the best education. 1. Support: The Gazette quoted an anti-war member is quoted with saying â€Å"A lot of them [students] arent 18 and theyre being strenuously lobbied to consider signing a contract that is extremely complex and one of the major provisions of that contract stipulates that the military can do pretty much anything they want to do to you regardless of whats in the contract†. 2. Support: These students are being told that they probably will not be sent overseas and that the war is over! Visualization Step I. Positive Visualization: If the military stays out of high schools then the majority of people who have signed up willShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of Michelle Obamas Speech900 Words   |  4 Pages A Rhetorical Analysis of Michelle Obama’s 2016 DNC Speech At the 2016 Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia, Michelle Obama the first lady at the time, was endorsing the democratic candidate, Hillary Clinton. Using her personal connection with the president and Hillary Clinton, Michelle Obama creates a more personal speech. With her credibility as first lady, use of her family and her platform she lead as first lady, she persuades the audience to spread Hillary Clinton’s campaign messageRead MoreThe Art of Persuasion Essay examples918 Words   |  4 Pagesspirit, and used to win a crowds favour. There are many different types of persuasive techniques, such as the general ethos, pathos and logos, repetition, list of three and rhetoric, which was used in ancient Greek. By viewing how these techniques have been applied in J.F. Kennedys Berlin speech, George Bushs speech on the 911 incident, and Martin Luther King Jr.s famous I have a dream speech, it will become apparent how these techniques are used to position an Read MoreAdolf Hitler s Speech Skills1409 Words   |  6 Pagesgovernment; along with his persuasive speech skills to build an empire that will be etched into history forever. It is very likely that, if Adolf Hitler hadn’t possessed the speech skills that he had, he could have never been elected Chancellor of Germany. Which would have reduced the chances of World War II ever happening to almost nothing. 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